Slavery As A Punishment For Crime - 2185 Words

It’s common knowledge that slavery was made illegal in the United States by the 13th amendment to the constitution, in 1865. However, it is less widely known that the 13th amendment still allows slavery as a punishment for crime. If a person commits an illegal act, it is perfectly constitutional to enslave them. This forced labor is one of the most profitable industries to the United States. The blatant exploitation of prisoners by the U.S. government must be put to an end. The U.S. government currently has about 2 million people incarcerated in the nations’ prison system. There are about 1.7 million more people legally enslaved in the prison system today than there were before slavery was supposedly abolished. The U.S. has only 5% of the†¦show more content†¦No strikes. No union organizing. No health benefits, unemployment insurance, or workers’ compensation to pay. No language barriers, as in foreign countries†¦all at a fraction of the cost of ‘free labor.’† (Goldberg Evans). Prison labor is used in many of the top companies in the U.S., including IBM, Motorola, Compaq, Texas Instruments, Honeywell, Microsoft, and Boeing, Nordstrom, and Revlon. One of the most disturbing uses of prison labor is to make the nation’s graduation caps and gowns (Davis). The military even uses prison labor to make army uniforms (Gentilviso). Racism in the Justice System: The exploitation of prisoners by the U.S. is not color blind. There is a disproportionately large amount of people of color incarcerated in this country. There are more Native Americans per capita in prison than any other group (Davis). Latino people are more than twice as likely to be incarcerated than non-Hispanic whites (PrisonPolicy.org). Black men make up 60% of the prison population (McCalla). Michelle Alexander states in The New Jim Crow that there are more Black men in prison or jail, on probation or on parole than were enslaved in 1850. This is not because of the erroneous idea of Black men naturally being delinquent. It is because the prison industrial complex was deliberately manufactured to directly replace the profit the country made through the enslavement of African-Americans. The

Still I Rise - 1705 Words

â€Å"Still I Rise† Poem Analysis â€Å"Still I Rise† was written by Maya Angelou, who is an African-American poet. A majority of her poems are written on slavery and life as a African- American woman. â€Å"Still I Rise† is one of the many well known. She discusses how she is treated differently and refers to her ancestry and relates to events they went through during the time of slavery and the events she continues to go through during her time period of life. â€Å"This poem has been an inspiration to people from all different walks of life.† â€Å"Still I Rise† is an amazing poem that not only speaks of the troubles of slavery and Mayas struggles in life but I think this poem is also a victory call a banner of hope and encouragement to all those that†¦show more content†¦She refers to â€Å"†¦hopes springing high† in line eleven with the knowledge that everyone has high hopes and dreams for their lives. Everyone will alway s keep hoping. Just as peoples hopes will rise she will continue to rise also. She rises above the negativity of the words and actions that try to tear and crush her spirit. In stanza four Maya Angelou asks a series of rhetorical questions in lines thirteen and fourteen. She knows that people want to see her broken, weak and crying from the criticism and hateful words that have been said to her. She not only had to deal with criticism from being an African-American in a time when whites did not accept them into their society but also dealing with the fact that she was an African-American woman. During the fifties women were expected to marry and be a helping hand around the house. They were not expected to be in the working field. Just imagine how hard it had to be to make as an African-American women trying to achieve her goals. But she refuses to show how difficult it was through her emotion she just rises above it. In stanza five she talks of laughter. Laughter can be said to c ure everything. By laughing at the negativity that is being thrown in you direction it will make it easier to brush it off and play it off as if it never offended you. Causing disappointment to the people who wanted to see that they can affect your attitude and walk all over you. By laughingShow MoreRelatedStill I Rise1036 Words   |  5 PagesStill I rise Favorite Poem Essay Maya Angelou’s poem Still I Rise is an astonishing piece of art. The reason I chose this poem is because it’s not only a poem, it’s a story. The poem is about Maya Angelou’s beliefs being a women of color about discrimination. It’s not just her personal story but a universal experience for those with an African American background. Throughout the poem, Maya Angelou uses many poetic devices to give us more in-depth meaning behind what is in the poem. These poeticRead MoreStill I Rise - Analysis639 Words   |  3 PagesStill I Rise by Maya Angelou is a very moving ballad poem, and has a positive and strong tone throughout it. The main theme of this poem is discrimination. It portrays a strong woman living with confidence and a positive attitude. The reason why I chose to write my essay on Still I Rise is because it has a very powerful message. Although this poem was written in 1978, I feel as if anyone can relate to it even in this time period. Eve rybody experiences discrimination at some point in their livesRead MoreStill I Rise By Maya Angelou1078 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Still I Rise† by Maya Angelou is a poem of objection and satisfaction in which Maya states that she will raise regardless of any situation. In her poem, â€Å"Angelou also incorporates anaphora, similes and metaphors throughout the poem to illustrate the resilience of the speaker regardless of what befalls her† (Bouchard: â€Å"Literary Contexts in Poetry†). Using these methods, the reader is able to visualize the hardships the poet went through. â€Å"Still I Rise† by Maya Angelou offers ambition and inspirationRead MoreStill I Rise By Sandra Cookson1124 Words   |  5 Pagesof â€Å"Still I Rise† is Maya Angelou, a well-known poet, author, and civil rights activist. This poem is about a poet who struggles to meet the social pressure and injustices of her time. Her poetry thus concentrates on two kinds of oppression – both racial oppression, and sexism. Amidst the challenges and adversities, she managed to survive and successfully claims that she will not be broken nor will she be defeated no matter how many times she is brought down by society. In this poem â€Å"Still I Rise†Read MoreAnalysis of the poem Still I Rise1268 Words   |  6 PagesAn Analysis of the poem Still I Rise by Maya Angelou African Americans have been oppressed for centuries. Despite this discrimination, people of this race have fought hard for their freedom and respect. This pursuit of equality is evident inMaya Angelou’s poem, â€Å"Still I Rise†. Angelou integrates numerous literary ideas such as various sounds, poetry forms, and key concepts.The poetic devices incorporated in Maya Angelou’s work, â€Å"Still I Rise†,heightens the overall effectivenessRead MoreStill I Rise By Maya Angelou877 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough social media there will be large amounts of individuals who will bully or even belittle a colored female because of the natural kinks of her hair, her sense of fashion, the full shaped curves of her body, and the color of her skin . The poem â€Å"Still I Rise† by the well-known poet, Maya Angelou, specifically describes the reasons why she had so much confidence; even if she were to be judged by her appearances and mindset. This poem is about emb racing females, but it mainly introduces similar lifeRead MoreMaya Angelou And Still I Rise897 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and the poem â€Å"Still I Rise† Kate Chopin and Maya Angelou have explored the theme of oppression in a variety of different ways. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is a short story based around how dramatically things can change within the space of an hour and how this can affect your life in the short period of time. Within the hour Mr Mallard is presumed dead in a railroad disaster, resulting in Mrs Mallard short lived ‘freedom’ after years of being oppressed, before soon learning thatRead MorePoem Analysis : Still I Rise 918 Words   |  4 Pages Poetry Response Essay I would like to start this essay by commenting on a video of a poem we saw in class by Shane Koyczan called â€Å"To This Day† it touched me emotionally and almost made me cry. The poem made me reflect on life, on all the emotional hardships I had to endure in my childhood, and most of my adult life; that the loved ones around me had suffered or suffer the same fate. I realized that people who are discriminated or even hated against tend to attract one another like a herd lookingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Still I Rise 893 Words   |  4 Pagesthe famous words in the Declaration of Independence â€Å"all men are created equal† ( ), we are consistently observing that the fight for human rights and equality still exist today. Although African Americans have experienced and endured countless hardships and setbacks, their spirit proves to be resilient. In the unforgettable poem â€Å"Still I Rise†, written by the literary giant, Maya Angelou, the poem powerfully expresses the plight of the African American people and how we have risen above racism andRead MoreStill I Rise By Maya Angelou Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesJulie A. McGuire ENGL102 Anne V. Powell June 23, 2015 Still I Rise Maya Angelou’s poem, â€Å"Still I Rise† shows a repetition of strength stanza after stanza. African Americans were faced with the challenges of oppression and slavery. African American women not only as a minority of African American race, but as a female, were faced with all those challenges, along with woman’s rights. It took 55 years after the abolishment of slavery for females to finally have the right to vote, under the 19th amendment

Open Minded free essay sample

Learning to be More Open Minded Head Start is a government funded pre-school program. This program is available to low-income families, foster children, and children who have a parent in jail or prison. Our goal is to help these children be prepared for kindergartens; as well as helping their families make better choices for their futures. We offer services to help them succeed in life and become more involved in their community. A few services we offer are GED classes, monthly classes on topics to help them in raising their children, as well as health and dental services.Many of our families do not have a vehicle or only have limited access to one, so we do help with transportation to and from doctor appointments and back and forth to school. The centers offer monthly classes to help caretakers with many subjects such as nutrient ion and diet. The majority of our families are on public aid, receiving food stamps, and often purchase processed foods because of the cost. Our hope is to show them ways to stretch their dollars as well as give families a well-balanced meal. Our classes also include budgeting, teaching your child how to have high self-esteem, and how to deal with temper tantrums.Although these do seem like basic life skills many of our parents were never taught these skills. During my first few weeks at Head Start I found myself being very judgmental. It was hard for me to sit and listen to how bad these parents said they had it, only to watch them come in wearing clothes and using phones that were way out of my budget. My parents always taught us that your children’s needs come first. So to me, seeing them with all of these material items yet, applying for a free pre-school program was a bit hard to swallow.Some days I it made me question my choice to work for a government run program. After many nights of thinking and discussing it over with my husband I decided that I was there for the kids not their parents. The students should not be punished for things their parents had done. This was my chance to teach them the â€Å"right† way. Now, a few months into the school year, we were all settling into our routines. I had been in many of the class rooms at most of the centers, so I was starting to get to know each child and learn a little about their home lives.It was pretty plain to see whose parents were involved in their children’s lives and whose were not. By this point, I had made a mental list of the â€Å"bad† kids and the â€Å"good† kids. I guess by â€Å"bad† I mean challenging. Working at one particular center was always very difficult for me. Whenever I would get the call to head to that center I would cringe. The whole drive there I was my breath praying I would not be going into room three. The reason, a four year old named â€Å"Logan†. â€Å"Logan† was disrespectful, extremely loud, very mean and hateful toward everyone and never listen or followed the rules.His vocabulary consisted of many four letter words and used them toward the teachers and other students all day long. He would make threats to kill people in such detail that I would find myself actually being afraid of this four year old child. Many occasions I would find myself not wanting to include him in small group time and I never wanted to work with him one-on-one. It seemed so easy for me just to ignore this child. Day after day â€Å"Logan† would be put in time-out, sent to the office and rarely was he able to go outside for recess with us. We sent home letters to â€Å"Logan’s† parents and we would never hear back. Logan† rode the bus to school in the mornings and rode the bus home in the afternoons. It seemed almost impossible to get ahold of any adult in â€Å"Logan’s† life. His behavior on the bus was just as awful as it was in the classroom. He was often in trouble for punching, kicking, cussing at and calling other children names. The bus driver also sent home many letters by never received a response. This child was out of control and it seemed no one in his life even cared. The final straw for the bus driver was the day â€Å"Logan† chocked the child next to him making him pass out on the way to school on morning.After this incident our center supervisor drove to â€Å"Logan’s† house to explain to his parents that â€Å"Logan† was no longer allowed to ride the bus to or from school. She explained to them that he was still welcome to continue to coming to school but that someone would need to bring him and would have to pick him up every day. Mom said she understood and would see to it that â€Å"Logan† made it to school every day. Dad on the other hand was livid. Yelling, saying things like we were picking on his kids and that we needed to learn to do our jobs and none of this would have happened to begin with.Secretly, I hoped that this child would not be back. We have a policy that reads if a child misses more than five days of school due to loss of transportation because of their behavior then that child can no longer be enrolled in our program, because we do have such a long waiting list of other clients we could be providing services to. All of this took place on a Thursday and I was off that Friday. I spent that weekend thinking about â€Å"Logan† and his dad and the way dad had reacted. It was a lot like the way â€Å"Logan† acted in class.I started too wonderful if â€Å"Logan† had only been doing what he had been seeing at home. Monday was â€Å"Logan’s† second day missed and I had started to think maybe the wrong choice had been made about this child. By the end of the third day I started feeling a bit ashamed of myself. My husband reminded me why I had taken this job to begin with and why I chose to go into this profession. This child needed someone to help him learn the right way to act, and give him the care and love that he seemed to be missing, not someone who had been judging him the way I had.

Drug Prevention/Recovery Program Review

The Lebanese youths have been adversely affected by the abuse of tobacco, alcohol and other harmful drugs. As a result, preventive and rehabilitative measures based on peer education have been put in place in order to curb the menace. Hence, a training program involving thirty young activists was put in place courtesy of the funding secured from the Oxfam pharmaceutical company. This program aimed at increasing the awareness on the need to stop abusing alcohol and other related drugs.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Drug Prevention/Recovery Program Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the messages passed across in this collaborative training program was that there other stress relieving ways apart from abusing harmful drugs. The program also aimed at offering alternative ways of dealing with stress-related factors that proved to be troublesome to the young population aged below 30 years. The key partic ipating agent in this training program was the Armenian Relief Cross. In addition, other local stakeholders were also incorporated in the program with the aim of boosting the drugs awareness campaign. The awareness and training program managed to reach out for 5,200 trainees. Majority of the audience were secondary school students. The latter accounted for 1,250 participants. Although the youth were the key target in this program, the stakeholders also found it necessary to include parents, security officers, and scouts from all age groups. According to Arevian (2010), the objectives of the training program were met as anticipated. However, it may not be possible that the workshop objectives were fully met in a single training program and awareness campaign. It is without doubt that this drug awareness campaign was a step or initiative in the right direction. if all the set objectives are to be met, then additional resources such as time and monetary funding would be needed. Besides , the success of the program could only be feasible after a series of continuous awareness campaigns. As a matter of fact, Arevian (2010) notes that lack of adequate resources could not permit the process of obtaining feedback from the youth who participated in the training program. Nonetheless, the capacity of all the stakeholders who took part in the training initiative was largely boosted by their high level of cooperation and goodwill towards the program. Hence, the objectives in terms of support from stakeholders were clearly attained. The program had quite a number of strengths and weaknesses. For instance, one of the strengths of the training and drugs awareness campaigns was that it received holistic support and collaboration from various stakeholders. The lead agencies came out in large numbers to offer the technical and moral support.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More O n the same breath, it was quite easy to recruit youthful participants who were to offer training during the program. Parents, policemen, scouts, working adolescents and other professionals also gave a major boost to the awareness campaign. On the other hand, the funding obtained from Oxfam was not adequate in facilitating the entire training and feedback program. This monetary support served the most basic function of initiative the awareness campaign. On the overall, this program could be deemed to be effective bearing in mind that it managed to reach out for over 5000 trainees. In addition, the collaborative support received from both local and international stakeholders strengthened the effectiveness of the project. Hence, I would not hesitate to implement this kind of project in my line of work especially when funding is available. Reference Arevian, M. (2010). Training trainees, young activists, to conduct awareness campaigns about prevention of substance abuse among Lebanese/A rmenian young people. Journal of Inter-professional Care 24(2): 173–182. This report on Drug Prevention/Recovery Program Review was written and submitted by user Camron Knowles to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Equality Of Education

An unequal level of achievement in schools is one of the most familiar aspects of the British education system. As rule schooling in Britain is a white middle class patriarchal institution and those who do not fit into those categories often find themselves underachieving, much of the time through no fault of their own. The group that this study will concentrate on is the ethnic minority population in Britain, and through the examination of materialist and cultural explanations will hopefully gain a further understanding of why many capable ethnic minority pupils do not reach their full potential in the British school system. One of the most popular arguments put forward for this is that the system fails the pupils and that there is inherent racism in the education system. Although this is certainly a factor, it is a simple one level explanation and the different layers involved in this explanation must be further examined before an adequate account is obtained. The case of ethnic minority underachievement in schools is a complex one as there are many overlapping inequalities with other groups, for example most ethnic minority children live in poor areas and face many of the same disadvantages as working class children such as poor resources within schools and a shortage of teachers. Therefore in this case it is very important to distinguish between equality of outcome, which has been concentrated on most in recent years, and equality of opportunity. If children in poor areas regardless of colour have overcrowded classrooms and fewer resources to learn with then it is almost inevitable that their quality of education will be poorer than those with better opportunities. Therefore in many cases it is not simply a case of ethnic minority pupils underachieving but working class pupils underachieving and comparison with white middle class children is unfair as it gives a skewed analysis which has no real relation to ethnic backgrou... Free Essays on Equality Of Education Free Essays on Equality Of Education An unequal level of achievement in schools is one of the most familiar aspects of the British education system. As rule schooling in Britain is a white middle class patriarchal institution and those who do not fit into those categories often find themselves underachieving, much of the time through no fault of their own. The group that this study will concentrate on is the ethnic minority population in Britain, and through the examination of materialist and cultural explanations will hopefully gain a further understanding of why many capable ethnic minority pupils do not reach their full potential in the British school system. One of the most popular arguments put forward for this is that the system fails the pupils and that there is inherent racism in the education system. Although this is certainly a factor, it is a simple one level explanation and the different layers involved in this explanation must be further examined before an adequate account is obtained. The case of ethnic minority underachievement in schools is a complex one as there are many overlapping inequalities with other groups, for example most ethnic minority children live in poor areas and face many of the same disadvantages as working class children such as poor resources within schools and a shortage of teachers. Therefore in this case it is very important to distinguish between equality of outcome, which has been concentrated on most in recent years, and equality of opportunity. If children in poor areas regardless of colour have overcrowded classrooms and fewer resources to learn with then it is almost inevitable that their quality of education will be poorer than those with better opportunities. Therefore in many cases it is not simply a case of ethnic minority pupils underachieving but working class pupils underachieving and comparison with white middle class children is unfair as it gives a skewed analysis which has no real relation to ethnic backgrou...

Dubitatio as a Rhetorical Strategy

Dubitatio as a Rhetorical Strategy Dubitatio is a  rhetorical term for the expression of doubt or uncertainty. The doubt that is expressed may be genuine or feigned. Adjective: dubitative. Also called indecision. In oratory, dubitatio commonly takes the form of expressions of uncertainty about the ability to speak effectively. EtymologyFrom the Latin, wavering in opinion Examples and Observations To be, or not to be, that is the question:Whether tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortuneOr to take arms against a sea of troublesAnd by opposing end them. . . .(From Hamlets soliloquy in Act III, scene 1, of William Shakespeares Hamlet)Comic Dubitatio[E]ventually it became clear that the only thing to do was to go to Croyden, where [British Telecoms] offices are.And that, gentlemen, is how I discovered the legendary Arsehole of the Universe, a sort of reverse Shangri-La where you age hundreds of years in a mere lunchtime. Can I speak of the mystical Telecom eyrie, the fabled Delta Point, with its solemn procession of whining, impotent, bearded men in brown Terylene suits? Can I tell of its burger bars, car parks, building society offices? Is my pen capable of painting its atmosphere of municipal sniveling and cheeseparing rapaciousness? Have I the tongue to sing its one-way system?No.(Michael Bywater, Bargepole. Punch, August 24, 1990)Dubitatio in Shakespeares  Julius CaesarI come not, friends, to steal away your hearts:I am no  orator, as Brutus is;But, as you know me all, a plain blunt man,That love my friend; and that they know full wellThat gave me public leave to speak of him:For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth,Action, nor  utterance, nor the power of speech,To stir mens blood: I only speak right on.(Marc Antony in William Shakespeares  Julius Caesar, Act III, scene 2) Dubitatio as the Ironic Expression of Doubt- One device of which [Thomas Hobbes] makes frequent use is dubitatio, the ironic expression of doubt or ignorance. . . . Some English rhetoricians had assumed that the purpose of the device is to give voice to genuine uncertainties, in consequence of which they made no distinction between dubitatio and aporia. But others recognised that, as Thomas Wilson observes, the defining characteristic of dubitatio must be its disingenuousness. We are far from expressing any real uncertainty; we merely make the hearers believe that the weight of our matter causeth us to doubte what were best to speake.(Quentin Skinner, Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes. Cambridge University Press, 1997)- Dubitatio  consists in the speakers trying to strengthen the credibility (fides veritatis) of his own point of view by means of a feigned oratorical helplessness, which expresses itself in the appeal to the  audience, made in the form of a question, for advice concerning the efficient and relevant intellectual development of the speech.(Heinrich Lausberg,  Handbook of Literary Rhetoric: A Foundation for Literary Study, 2nd ed.. Translated by Matthew T. Bliss and edited by David E. Orton and R. Dean Anderson. Brill, 1998) Dubitatio and IntonationDubitatio is not always an oratorical device . . .. The speakers intonation always conveys a high or low degree of assurance. Doubt is quite natural in interior monologue.(Bernard Dupriez, A Dictionary of Literary Devices, trans. by Albert W. Halsall. Univ. of Toronto Press, 1991)The Lighter Side of Dubitatio- [N]othing irks quite as much as the luvvie that takes to the stage and utters the big fat lie: I havent prepared a speech, because I really didnt think I was going to win.What do they mean, they didnt think they were going to win? They are in a category of four nominees. And its not like they havent seen award  ceremonies before where the result was unexpected. Of course they thought they might win, and of course they spent the whole week leading up to the ceremony rehearsing their speech again and againin the shower; on the loo; walking up the stairs; walking down the stairs; staring in the fridge; squeezing their teabags; moisturising; doing their pr ess-ups; taking out the recycling; changing a light bulb; chopping onions; flossing; tossing their socks in the laundry bin; loading the dishwasher; turning lights off; turning lights on; drawing the curtains; sniffing the milkso youd have thought they would have got it down pat by now. And you know what, they have. Because the speech theyve been endlessly rehearsing is this:I havent  prepared a speech, because I really didnt think I was going to win.Liars.(Rob Brydon, Lee Mack, and David Mitchell,  Would I Lie To You?  Faber Faber, 2015)-  You know Im not good at making speeches, especially when I dont have you to write them for me.(Dan Wanamaker, played by Alan Alda, in What Women Want, 2000)

Marketing Strategy of UKs Leading Provider of Mobile Phones and Research Paper

Marketing Strategy of UKs Leading Provider of Mobile Phones and Broadband - Research Paper Example Even though O2 enjoys a leading positions are cell phone and broadband provider, it still needs to update its policies in order to remain ahead of the competition. Due to favourable policies towards the telecommunication sector in UK, competition has grown strong and diverse in the country. This research attempts to explore the current marketing strategy of O2 and find issues with these strategies in order to develop improved strategies for the company. Importance of the Research This research is particularly helpful in creating an understanding for the marketing strategies of O2 and how it managed to develop such a strong customer base and reach. This research will help students of marketing in understanding the practical implications of the theories and concepts that they learned in the course as applied to a real case example. This research would also be helpful for not just students but also business leaders. It would particularly help O2 as it would not just summarize their current marketing direction but also provide solutions for future directions based on the feedback and information provided by current and potential users of the company. This research would also be helpful for the competitors of O2 in order to analyze the competitor landscape and to understand why O2 is progressing as one of the largest telecommunication companies in UK.

Educational effectiveness - International Comparison Essay

Educational effectiveness - International Comparison - Essay Example All these aspects should go hand in hand in establishing an effective educational system. But there is also one new yet already proven method of assessing the effectiveness of the educational system, and this is through international comparison. Comparisons of various schools’ students’ learning across countries are already being done 50 years ago. And recently, the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) realized that this will be a good method of analyzing the level of efficacy of the educational system of the major schools around the world (Department of Education, Science and Training, 2005). Initially, IEA though of comparing the educational system of the schools so as have a clear and unbiased comparative data about the schools’ educational performances. Thus, all levels in an educational system, the teachers, the school administrators, the policymakers and even the educational facilities are being assessed and compared. As the time goes by, IEA realized that comparing the educations’ effectiveness of schools around the world can also give tremendous benefits to schools being compared and even to students and teachers themselves (Department of Education, Science and Training, 2005). The series of tests or exams for the students, the demo and several teacher valuations are known to be the proven ways of knowing if the students are learning or not or if the teachers are capable of teaching or not. But, the efficacy and efficiency of education per country as a whole cannot be assessed by those two methods. Thus, understanding and analyzing all the concepts and issues behind cross-country comparison of educational effectiveness is a good approach of appreciating education. The results of this paper can provide unlimited benefits to the students, teachers and the schools. They will be provided with ample

Pinewood Hotel Essay Example for Free

Pinewood Hotel Essay In this essay I will be explaining and evaluating the method chosen and used by Pinewood Hotel in order to gain a better insight onto how aspects of their website are rated, and how it compares to their competitors. In addition to this, I will evaluate the findings that were gained from the research method used by the researchers at Pinewood Hotel. Procedure The information used in this report was gained from several different sources. For example, I have used information from my P4 survey, as well as my P3, M2 presentation and my M1 table of various data collection methods. Findings To begin within the p4 task, we had to design and construct a questionnaire using surveys which included 15 questions. These questions were based on the market research objectives which were to investigate the various aspects of pinewood hotels website is, as well as comparing the company’s website to its competitors, to enquire about the quality of the online services, how accessible the company’s website is. The aim was to have 30 people fill the surveys out, 15 females, and 15 males. The surveys using questionnaires were presented face to face and included a variety of closed and open questions so we could gain enough information so it can enable the business clients to make necessary decisions/changes. I will contrast and compare my method of surveys to other data collection methods used in the case study. The data collection method I used was surveys. This was different to the methods highlighted in the Pinewood Hotels’ case study such as; Focus Groups and interviews. The difference between the two methods was that focus groups and interviews tend to have more qualitative data, as people will express their opinions and views in person, which can enable the market researcher to get a better insight into whether the people wanted real time information on the company’s website. This would be different to my chosen method as surveys using questionnaires are most often considered due to the level of quantative and qualitative data within the responses, which can be quite effective in terms of gathering information on Pinewood Hotels’ online services and aspects to their website. The qualitative data received would be used efficiently so get a better understanding of their market research objectives which are to see the quality of different aspects of Pinewood Hotels’ services such as; content, accessibility, navigation, fundability etc. In addition to this, surveys can also give market researchers quantitative data which is crucial in terms of achieving their marketing objectives to make comparisons between the aspects of Pinewoods Hotel’s website to their competitors. Other comparisons would include that surveys are a cheaper primary data collection method than focus groups and surveys. This is because focus groups require specific amount of people which could cost locating, as well as the documents needed for the focus group requirements. In addition to this, interviews require materials such as; board, pens, paper, as well as finding a suitable location, and equipment such as; projectors etc. This will be quite a costly data collection process, as surveys simply require a written document to be constructed and photocopied for cheap, in order to save costs for the business. However there are also secondary data collection methods which are more effective than some of the primary research methods. Examples of this are previous hotel records which could be used by Pinewood Hotel in order to estimate future sales and bookings. This is an effective method as market researchers would have already obtained the information and therefore saving their hotel quite some costs. Also, they will be able to use the information appropriately so they can fulfil their marketing objectives. It is a more accurate data collection method over a few primary data collection methods because people can exaggerate or rush their answers or not answer appropriately in primary data collection methods, which could influence the results negatively. However hotel records have already been created previously and therefore the accuracy of the data is much higher than a few primary methods. Sampling Methods In terms of choosing my sampling method, I chose quota sampling. This is because we chose to survey 30 people in total but divide the group into genders; males and females. Therefore; 15 males and 15 females were surveyed. This was an important sampling method to choose because it was quite accurate. It was less biased as we decided to interview both genders, leading to varied results for our market research team. We also chose to have quota sampling, because it was the most efficient sampling method which gave us the most accurate information we set out to find. I feel it was important to have more than one division; that being males and females. This is purely because males and females have much diverse views and opinions and also priorities such as; males being more interested in booking rooms and assessing the online services, where the females would also enjoy the online services, but would show more interest in the facilities available, therefore it was quite key to find out how each gender progressed through the surveys. I feel that quota sampling is much more accurate than other sampling methods such as random sampling. This is because random sampling will leave the researchers with a range of results, which will be harder to compare or formulate decisions through. As well as this, quota sampling is considered more effective as it is much cheaper in comparison to random sampling. Conclusion If I were to organise a similar project again, I would take into account various aspects which would be different to how this current project was undertaken. One aspect I would change would be the quota sampling to judgement sampling. This is because both sample methods are cheap, which is a benefit to the market researchers. However, where quota sampling would require the views of specific groups, judgement sample would more or less depend on the factor of which people can be contacted more easily. The only questionable aspect is the accuracy, but this will completely depend on how skilled the market researcher. This means that the people being surveyed would be chosen by the market researcher, and if they choose the appropriate people it could positively impact the results of the research method. Whilst on the topic of research methods, I feel that if this project was conducted again, I would most probably choose to do experimentation in order to gain the information needed for the required marketing objectives. This is because experimentation would be considered a very valid data collection method; however the only problem to this collection method is that it is time consuming. The market researchers can overcome this slight obstacle by locating better areas to conduct their experimentation so they can make their results more efficient. D2:- Recommendations Overall, the majority of people that were surveyed found Pinewood Hotel’s services to be very good. In addition to this, 75% of the 30 people found the contact between the company’s website and customers helpful and useful. This is very good as it would let Pinewood Hotel know that the most of their target market that were surveyed were satisfied with the procedures set by the hotel so they can stay in contact with their customers online and vice versa. A future strategy that can be in use by Pinewood Hotel is to have a QA section on their website. This is because it will make the level of contact much more efficient, as consumers will be able to type up a question and if it comes under the common questions asked, then it will be answered by an electronic system, if not it will forward consumers to a designated helpline. Around 85% of the 30 people surveyed had used the company’s website and also their top competitor Premier Inn. This information is quite useful for Pinewood Hotel because a future strategy they can incorporate into their business and website and create more awareness of their website, services, and facilities through increased promotional materials, so there would be more people that find Pinewood Hotel to be the better hotel over its competitors. Also, there was a variety of ways people had heard of Pinewood Hotel. This included; Friend, radio, and magazine. However, there were not many people surprisingly that found out about Pinewood Hotel from the TV. This could be a possible recommendation for Pinewood Hotel, which is to advertise or release promotional campaigns on the TV, so more people can know of Pinewood Hotel, and hopefully be appealed to their incentives they provide. As well as this, a potential future strategy for the hotel would be to hold public events at the hotel promoting their facilities whilst charging a small entrance fee, this way they can definitely increase the awareness of their hotel, as well as making more money through the amount of people that come to the event. There were roughly around 60% of people that found Pinewood Hotel’s website advertisement creative and 30% that didn’t find it creative and the rest found it very creative. However, this does show that Pinewood Hotel can possibly invest in different advertising methods which appeal more to people and their consumers. They can try testers of different campaigns or releasing information on their websites prior to it being released so more people know of it, and to increase the brand awareness. There were several recommendations which were highlighted. These were to make the website more interactive, more images, and different themes and more colourful.

Reader Response of Nam’s At the Door :: Wong Phui Nam

Wong Phui Nam’s â€Å"At the Door† is mainly giving a voice to the unwanted unborn who struggles with death in the early stage of its life. The persona begins by questioning its mother on why did she poisons it. From line â€Å"the poisons seep down, blacken leaf and stem† giving readers the images of death as the poison oozes slowly in painful and destroying manner. The news of pregnancy and birth are in general received as something blissful and joyful, however it is obviously not the case for this pregnancy. This poem illustrates sadness and grief of the discarded foetus, giving it a melancholy tone. The foetus is seen as a plant. The new life of the foetus as symbolises in â€Å"leaf†, â€Å"stem† and â€Å"roots† are â€Å"blacken†, â€Å"pinch† and â€Å"disarrange† and it is deformed before birth by the poison. More images of deformity can be seen in the second stanza. The persona states the â€Å"streams† and â€Å"blood† that gives the notion of new life, is contaminated and hence deformed its â€Å"hooked tail† which is supposed to develop to be its legs and the â€Å"forked ends† as its fingers. The stained and ruined blood causes by the poison has fatally lead the deformity of the foetus and disregard the existence of this new life. The persona’s unwanted existence is described more in the moment of its birth in the third stanza. The persona again questions its mother wonder if she ever pictures the condition of her child in her womb. Instead of developing into a well transformed human being, due to the seeping poison the foetus â€Å"melted back into glistening bunched gel†. This image offers readers an ugly sight of the deformed, unwanted embryo. The deformed foetus that is depicted as â€Å"glistening bunched gel, / red grapes† is â€Å"expelled† from the womb, reinforcing the idea of the unwanted existence by being violently thrown out from the womb where it is presumed to be safe and warm for the new comer. The persona continues by inquiring its mother if she finds life difficult like the way it feels and this notion is portrayed through the dictions, â€Å"harsh† and â€Å"sharp anxieties†. Persona sees itself as â€Å"delicate† â€Å"crystals† implying the notion of fragility and can easily be destroyed. Reader Response of Nam’s At the Door :: Wong Phui Nam Wong Phui Nam’s â€Å"At the Door† is mainly giving a voice to the unwanted unborn who struggles with death in the early stage of its life. The persona begins by questioning its mother on why did she poisons it. From line â€Å"the poisons seep down, blacken leaf and stem† giving readers the images of death as the poison oozes slowly in painful and destroying manner. The news of pregnancy and birth are in general received as something blissful and joyful, however it is obviously not the case for this pregnancy. This poem illustrates sadness and grief of the discarded foetus, giving it a melancholy tone. The foetus is seen as a plant. The new life of the foetus as symbolises in â€Å"leaf†, â€Å"stem† and â€Å"roots† are â€Å"blacken†, â€Å"pinch† and â€Å"disarrange† and it is deformed before birth by the poison. More images of deformity can be seen in the second stanza. The persona states the â€Å"streams† and â€Å"blood† that gives the notion of new life, is contaminated and hence deformed its â€Å"hooked tail† which is supposed to develop to be its legs and the â€Å"forked ends† as its fingers. The stained and ruined blood causes by the poison has fatally lead the deformity of the foetus and disregard the existence of this new life. The persona’s unwanted existence is described more in the moment of its birth in the third stanza. The persona again questions its mother wonder if she ever pictures the condition of her child in her womb. Instead of developing into a well transformed human being, due to the seeping poison the foetus â€Å"melted back into glistening bunched gel†. This image offers readers an ugly sight of the deformed, unwanted embryo. The deformed foetus that is depicted as â€Å"glistening bunched gel, / red grapes† is â€Å"expelled† from the womb, reinforcing the idea of the unwanted existence by being violently thrown out from the womb where it is presumed to be safe and warm for the new comer. The persona continues by inquiring its mother if she finds life difficult like the way it feels and this notion is portrayed through the dictions, â€Å"harsh† and â€Å"sharp anxieties†. Persona sees itself as â€Å"delicate† â€Å"crystals† implying the notion of fragility and can easily be destroyed.

Critique of a Research Article Essay

This paper presents a critique of a qualitative research article titled: ‘Perceived support from healthcare practitioners among adults with type 2 diabetes’ (Oftedal et al, 2010) (appendix 1). To enable the critique of this article the Caldwell critiquing tool (2005) will be utilized. (Appendix 2) Research critiquing is a valuable skill, to gain as it enables student nurses to develop and improve knowledge and skills and also adheres to the NMC code of conduct (NMC, 2008). Polit and Beck (2006) emphasis the ability to analyse research enables individuals to gain knowledge. A great importance of research is that it introduces improvements and changes into practice based from evidence based practice (EBP). According to Pioneer David Sacklett (2000). EBP can be defined as â€Å"the integration of the best research evidence and clinical expertise, and patient values† (Sacklett,2000). This article was selected as diabetes is becoming an international epidemic affecting all healthcare professions (WHO,2012). First point of interest to a reader is the title; giving clear indication of the subject (Polit and beck, 2012). It should grab the attention of a reader as discussed by Parahoo (2006). A good title should contemplate all aspects of the above, also considering Polit and Becks (2012) thoughts on the title being with a 15 word limit. This title is very clear to the reader, in relation to the subject under study being short, concise and use of good language. Appropriate selection for a research paper relies highly on validity and reliability, which can be shown via credentials of authors. Working statues within health studies and behavioural research within university of Stavanger clearly quoted against each of the authors. This article has clearly labelled, educational status and working status of all authors. Willis (2007) believes that an author’s academic background can give validity and credibility within the research itself. Education held by authors was ‘MSc, PhD, RNT’ being of an university level (Oftedal et al, 2010). Further interest to a reader commences from the information shown within an abstract. This has to hold enough information for it to show a brief understanding of the study in place. Holloway and Wheeler (2010) recommend a clear, concise summary of the research and how it should be implemented. Burns and Grove (2007) mention good abstracts convey findings and capturing attention of a reader. A benefit to this article is that it is clear, readable and structured with subheadings providing a deeper structured understanding. The introduction of this article evidently outlines the rationale for the study; with reference of findings from other relevant studies completed. Holloway and Wheeler (2010) declare authors have to provide awareness of their subject and reasons for their study. Suggestions made indicated that it is paramount for study for the improvements to be made, emphasising on the rise in statistics from the condition (Oftedal et al, 2010). Within the article, there is no clear indication of a literature review. Although, through reading this it has become apparent that it has been included within the background section. Polit and Beck (2012) discuss a literature review being a summary of previous research. Explanations are given within reference to other studies such as Schilling et al (2002) which has shown to lack empirical evidence. However, Thorne and Paterson (2001) look at aspects, but indicate more research can be done. The purpose of a literature review is essential as it gives more emphasis on why the study is important; for instance lack of previous research on the subject. Within this article has an disadvantage, because there is no clear stating of a literature review, which would in some circumstances confuse a reader. Research referenced within the article was between the years 1992-2008; mentioning the need for further research (Oftedal et al, 2010). A purpose for an article is to generalise there aims, informing subject under study stating what is likely to be achievable from the study; Polit and beck (2012) emphasis this being an importance. The aim is clearly sub headed giving the reader clear positioning within the report, it is short and concise with relevant information; indicating the subject of study and what is desired. The aim being ‘perceived support from healthcare and different attributes, that influence people’s self-management of the disease’ (Oftedal et al, 2010). The study is complete by using participants. Ethical issues have a vast importance relating to the validity and credibility of the research. Approval of ethical committee’s is exceptional, including reference. Legal rights and ethical aspects for all research methods have to be considered (Holloway and Wheeler, 2002; Moule 2011; Strubert, 2011). The study appears to have been approved by Norwegian regional committee for medical and health research ethics, social science data services all having reference provided. Implications can be studied at length but four rights are paramount in research: the right not to be harmed, the right of full disclosure, the right to self-determination and the right to privacy, anonymity and confidentiality (ICN, 2012). It is apparent from the study that informed consent was gained from participants, as an invitation was sent, and approval from participants was gained. The right to withdraw was shown as two participants never contributed from initial approval. Methodology is discussed by Parahoo (2007) simply as a plan that describes, how, when and where data is to be collected and analysed. This article does not visibly show methodology but it is an interchangeable term such as research design is present. An advantage from the article is that further reading and comprehension is not necessary as it obviously indicates this research as â€Å"interpretive and descriptive qualitative design† (Oftedal et al, 2010). Holloway and Wheeler (2002) state it gives an understanding of human experiences, giving an advantage to this research as it is what they wish to achieve. Additionally, Holloway and Wheeler (2010) discuss, how roots with philology and the human science, especially in history, centring the way humans related to their subjective reality and attaching a meaning to it. Approach taken solely on world life context rather than individuality; allowing more of an understanding of human experiences at a whole. This type of research allows authors to gain characteristics within this field. Usage of the data is to develop theories and identify problems with current practice (Burns and Grove, 2007; Gerrish and Lacey, 2010). Outcomes achieved five themes, namely: an empathetic approach, practical advice and information, involvement in decision making, accurate and individualised information and on-going based support (Oftedal et al, 2010). These are gained via interpretive and descriptive qualitative design, as it focusses more natural environments rather than cause and effect which is quasi-experimental. This concept being noticeably identified via the research, this was conducted. Details of the participants can be found within the article visibly labelled participants. A participant enables the researcher to conduct the study; Burns and Grove (2012) suggest participants are selected due to experience, knowledge and views related to the study in the progress aiding the researcher to gain accurate information. Within this article, the type of sampling which has been declared is purposive sampling; Parahoo (2006) suggests that this type of sampling conducted is chosen because it provides more reliable and valid data as it is represented by participants diagnosed with the condition. Furthermore the participants, who were invited to take part, were recruited via referrals, from local organisations relating to diabetes such as learning and coping. Ability to speak Norwegian and be within an age bracket of 30-65 allows the data to be more accurate. As discussed, sampling was purposeful; therefore it emphasises the reliability. The sample size used for this research was 19 participants recruited from 3 organisations, unemployed to reduce bias. Mixed gender, aged 30-65 and all participants had the condition for a minimum of one year. Although, purposive sampling is used it does not indicate which strategy; for instance, Patton (2002) allocates more than 12 for qualitative research, Polit and Beck (2012) note there being no fixed rules for sample size, although Morse (2000) mentions how much broad the scope, reflects in the sample size. This research has an advantage as it focussed on participants whom are diabetic. However limitations being restricted are age group, and metabolic generalisation. For example: participants within the study all had the controlled blood glucose levels, there was no sample members who shown uncontrolled or unstable diabetes. Data collection from the research conducted was presented within a table. Collected via focus groups, consisting of 6-7 person per session, participants were interviewed at the workplace of the authors and mixture of genders per group. Although as mentioned by Polit and Hungler (1997) advantage being that it increases dialogue; disadvantage being an decrease for those not comfortable voicing within a group. As it has it pros and cons we can establish that all participants’ had type 2 disease therefore would not have much influence on responses. Limits of time, and for 2 sessions was placed by researchers. The authors recommended time for reflection between sessions. The models used, were identified with the data collection section being expectancy-value and social support theory for questions within the focus groups. All the participants spoke one language; Norwegian which is an advantage to others as it is easier to transcribe. The focus groups explained in data analysis was audiotaped and transcribed verbatim, creating auditability. The analysis was as stated â€Å"Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness† (Graneheim and Lundman, 2004; Oftedal et al, 2010, p1503). Processes took place for this study, unmistakably shown as coding to breakdown text into parts; identifying patterns within the data (Burns and Grove, 2006; Holland and Rees, 2010). After identifying codes, this enables the themes to be developed which was interrelated as findings of the study. Furthermore, data management requires clear processes to ensure methodological rigour and credibility of the findings (Burns and Grove, 2007). According to Polit and Beck (2006) a reader should consider if the data is adequate, to be published in a clear and efficient manner. This article has appropriately labelled correctly making it readable and understandable. The results gained from the data analysis, is clearly drawn within the article under the findings section; providing the established themes, creating an understanding for the reader of how and why they found referenced themes. Polit and Beck (2013) discuss how a reader should notably find limitations within the study. this article presents a limitation section outlining a discussion of how it affects the results and further addresses possible queries that can be made such as, different attributes that can be found from people without stable metabolic ranges as it was limited to acceptable metabolic levels (Oftedal et al, 2010). The impact of results found can construct towards EBP. Additionally, the authors have discussed implications for practice within the study. This advantage is a favourable point as it leads the reader of the implications and how it can be implemented. It focuses hugely on how beneficial it is when it comes to practice. According to transferability of these findings it becomes apparent that type 2 diabetes is a worldwide increasing problem. Results can be transferrable to any country to improve better care for those with type 2 diabetes. The study was conduct in Norway, although it is based within another country the prevalence is still applicable in the UK. Holloway and Wheeler (2010) discuss the meaning of transferability as â€Å"findings of one context that can be transferred to similar situations or participants† diabetes is a worldwide known disease (WHO, 2012) it can be transferred. Polit and Beck (2013) reference that for the generalisation of the study; it has to be valid and reliable for this to take place. The role of a nurse becomes paramount within this section. Whether the results can be implemented by a nurse in practice, such as supporting patients in a better manner and referring if needed for more education, giving more individualisation to self-management programmes as discussed within the article (Oftedal et al, 2010). In relation to the conclusion within the article it clearly sums up the findings and how it can be implemented within practice. It states that further research is necessary before definite conclusions can be retained. Transferability of the research to other chronic illness similar to type 2 diabetes was also mentioned. Burns and Grove (2010) express that the findings and the meaning of the research should be placed within the conclusion. The assignment has explored the significance within research and EBP, transferability of research and recommendation have an importance in this. Overall, this article was clear with good use of words, presentation was greatly achieved, allowing the reader to be more focussed. It discussed within itself the limitations, recommendations and the need for further research for this to become meaningful. Recommendations can be viewed as knowledge and implemented within practice from this study. Also showing that evidence based practice does start from research; it is shown that studies are required in some circumstances to gain more knowledge to improve services. References Burns, N, Grove, S K (2006) Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence based practice 4th ed Elsevier Saunders, United States of America Burns, N, Grove, S K (2007) Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. 5th ed. Elsevier Saunders, United States of AmericaCaldwell, K., Henshaw, L., and Taylor, G. (2005) Developing a frame-work for critiquing health research, Journal of health, social and envi-ronmental issues, 6(1), pp45-53. [accessed via: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/2981/1/Developing_a_framework_for_critiquing_health_research.pdf] [accessed 20/05/2013] Cutcliffe, J. and Ward, M. (eds.) (2007) Critiquing nursing research. 2nd ed. London: Quay Books. Gerrish, K and Lacey, a (2010) The reseach process in nursing 6th Ed Blackwell publishing: Oxford Graneheim, UH. & Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today, 24, pp. 105-112. [accessed via: http://www.nurseeducationtoday.com/article/S0260-6917(03)00151-5/abstract][accessed 20/05/2013] Holland, K. and Rees, C. (2010) Nursing: evidence-based practice skills. New York: Oxford University Press. Holloway, I, Wheeler, S (2002) qualitative research in nursing 2nd ed. Blackwell publishing: Oxford Holloway, I, Wheeler, S (2010) qualitative research in nursing and healthcare 3rd ed. Blackwell publishing: Oxford ICN (international council of nurses) (2012) ethical guidelines for nursing research. Geneva ; ICN [accessed via http://www.icn.ch/images/stories/documents/publications/free_publications/Code_of_Ethics_2012.pdf] accessed 20/05/2013. Morse, Janice, M. (2000). Determining sample size. Qualitative Health Research, 10(1), 3-5. [accessed via http://qhr.sagepub.com/content/10/1/3.extract] accessed 20/05/2013 Moule, P, Hek, J (2011) Making sense of reseach; an introduction for health and social care practioners. 4th ed. Sage publications: London Nursing & Midwifery Council (2008) The code: standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Oftedal, B, Karlsen, B, Bru E. (2010) Perceived support from healthcare practioners among adults with type 2 diabetes. Journal of advanced nursing, vol 66, issue 7, pp1500-1509. Blackwell publishing [accessed via http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05329.x/abstract] [accessed on 01/03/2013] Patton, M Q (2002): Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods, Sage: Thousand Oaks. Parahoo, K. (eds.) (2006) Nursing research: principles, process and issues. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Polit, D.F. and Beck, C.T. (eds.) (2012) Nursing research: generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Polit, D.F. and Beck, C.T. (eds.) (2006) Essentials of nursing care: methods, appraisal and utilization. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Polit, D.F. and Beck, C.T. (eds.) (2010) Essentials of nursing research: appraising evidence for nursing practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Polit, D.F. and Beck, C.T. (eds.) (2013) Essentials of nursing research: appraising evidence for nursing practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Polit,D F, Hungler, B P (1997) Essentials of nursing research; methods, appraisal and utilization. 4th Ed, Lippincott- Raven, Philadelphia: New York David L. Sackett (2000). Evidence based medicine; how to practice and teach EBM. Volume 2 Edition, 2, Churchill Livingstone: University of Michigan. Schilling L.S., Grey M. & Knafl K.A. (2002) The concept of selfmanagement of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: an evolutionary concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 37(1), 87–99.accessed via: .http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11784402 [Accessed 20/05/2013] Streubert, H J, Carpenter, D R (2011) Qualitative research in nursing: advancing the humanistic imperative 5th Ed, Wolter Kluwer Lippincott Williams & Williams:London. pp56-59 Thorne S.E. & Paterson B.L. (2001) Health care professional support for self-care management in chronic illness: insights from diabetes research. Patient Education and Counseling 42(1), 81–90.Accessed via: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11080608 [Accessed 20/05/2013] WHO. (2012) About WHO [online]. World Health Organization. Available from: http://www.who.int/about/en/ [Accessed 17th December 2012]. Willis, J, W. (2007) Foundations of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.

Exercise and Heart Essay

Introduction Aim: Finding out how exercise affects the heart rate and breathing rate. Hypothesis: Exercise exists in different forms and has many benefits; it improves the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, development of bones, strengthens muscles and the lungs capacity plus it can make you feel good. There are different exercises and intensities for different benefits. Lower intensity exercises are not designed to work the body as hard. As a result less oxygen is needed and less waste is in excess. However even low intensity exercises require more substances to be carried out than if your body was in its resting state. Therefore different concentrations of substances are required for different intensities of exercise. In effect this affects your heart and breathing rate. (Jones & Jones, 1984) (Ross, 1978) Null Hypothesis: Exercise has no effect on the heart rate or breathing rate. The overall rate of the heart and breathing increases during exercise. The heart beats faster, allowing blood to supply substances required by the cells to respire. Oxygen is needed to replace the oxygen used up in respiring cells, while at the same time the cells produce carbon dioxide that needs to be removed from the body. The heart rate increases to pump blood around the body quicker, ensuring oxygen is constantly dissociating from the blood to the cells. At the same time the breathing rate increases to increase the rate of gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and remove excess waste from the body as soon as possible. (Jones & Jones, 1984) (Ross, 1978) â€Å"Exercise, although essential both for early, sudden muscle contraction ( a few minutes ) and for prolonged, sustained exercise, muscle food stores are not enough. The contracting muscle must also take up glucose from the blood.† (Ross, 1978, p. 705) â€Å"Aerobic exercises improve lung capacity. Exercising muscles need extra oxygen, which is supplied to them by breathing faster and more deeply. If you regularly do exercise which make your muscles demand extra oxygen, called aerobic exercise, this helps your respiratory system to become efficient at getting oxygen into your blood.† (Jones and Jones, 1984, p. 279). Risk assessment: Chemical/Procedure| Hazard| Precaution| * Stepping off and on exercise step| * Slipping off step| * Dry shoes * Appropriate support| * Exercising| * Pulling muscles * Feinting/Blackout * Spraining ankles| * Appropriate stretching before exercise * Supervised by professional * Don’t force ankles onto the surfaces * Try to be light on the feet| * Wide breadths of movement| * Inflicting contact on others| * Suitable space for procedure| Variables: Constant Variables * Exercise step * Number of steps taken * Resting period * People recording pulse and breathing rate * Temperature of room Independent Variables * Exercise Dependent Variables * Heart rate * Breathing rate Method: 1. Record the pulse (preferably from the wrist) for 30 seconds of the person participating before exercise. 2. Double the number of pulses – this gives an estimate of the heart beats per minute 3. Place hand on the lower back of the person participating before the exercise and count the number of times the person inhales and exhales in 30 seconds then double it – this is the breathing rate per minute. 4. These are the heart rate and breathing rate at rest. 5. Explain to the participant the concepts of both exercises: a. Slow 20: Slowly climb onto and off the step for doing 20 steps in total. b. Fast 20: Climb onto and off the step as fast as possible for 20 steps in total. 6. After the participant has done the â€Å"Slow 20† exercise, record the heart rate and breathing rate. 7. Stop the stopwatch and reset 8. Next record the heart rate and breathing rate after the participant has undergone â€Å"Fast 20† exercise – however keep the stopwatch running for an additional three minutes 9. At the end of the three minutes record the heart rate and breathing rates 10. Work out the averages of all the results 11. Plot results in a suitable table Results Table Heart Rate Rest| Slow 20| Fast 20| 3 minute rest| 76| 107| 130| 72| Breathing Rate Rest| Slow 20| Fast 20| 3 minute rest| 18| 23| 33| 20| Analysis As the intensity of exercise increased, so did the rates of the heart and breathing. After a small period of rest, the heart rate and breathing rate both decreased to a point close to their resting rate. This proved the stated hypothesis. First, the hearts average resting rate was recorded to be 76 bpm. The heart is therefore transporting oxygen and removing carbon dioxide at a reasonably steady rate via the blood. During the low intensity exercise (Slow 20) the heart rate increases to 107 bpm, which further increases to 130bpm at a higher intensity level (Fast 20). The heart therefore needs to beat faster to increase the speed at which oxygen is carried to the cells and the rate at which carbon dioxide is taken away by the blood. Oxygen is required by the cells to carry out respiration, this provides the energy in the form of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) which is a molecule required for muscular contraction. As exercise takes place, oxygen is used to form ATP, which needs to be replaced. Carbon dioxide is also built up in the same cells due to muscle contraction, and this excess COâ‚‚ needs to be removed. The breathing rate increases to increase the gaseous exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is breathed in through the atmosphere and diffuses into the thin walls of the alveoli, which then diffuses into the blood along the capillaries. The blood then passes the respiring cells and the oxygen it contains diffuses into the cells. At the same time, the excess COâ‚‚ diffuses from the respiring cells into the blood, along through to the alveoli and is breathed out. This maintains equilibrium in the body of oxygen and carbon dioxide. â€Å"To create energy for physical efforts lasting more than 1 minute, muscles need oxygen. The harder your muscles work, the more energy they need and the more you must suck wind to supply them with oxygen. Also, the more oxygen your muscles use to create energy, the more waste (carbon dioxide) they produce. Exhaling expels this carbon dioxide from your system.† (Why Does Exercise Increase Heart Rate And Breathing Rate?, 2012) â€Å"Blood is the vehicle that delivers oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide waste from the working muscles. To deliver more oxygen and remove more waste products, the heart pumps more blood. According to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), at lower intensities (up to 50% of your maximum cardiac output) your heart can meet the increased oxygen demand by increasing both heart rate and stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped with each beat). However, beyond 50% of cardiac output, increasing your heart rate in proportion with your effort is your body’s only way to deliver more oxygen to the muscles.† (Why Does Exercise Increase Heart Rate And Breathing Rate?, 2012) Graph Evaluation The experiment was good enough to gain results as the results were those predicted by the hypothesis. The experiment was carried out by five people at random in terms of height and weight, the individual weights were taken and the average result were used as the final result – results used to be plotted onto the graph. The combination of random sampling and number of repeats increases the experiments reliability as it tries to keep the results obtained as much due to chance as possible. Also, because the results were predicted by the hypothesis it suggests that this data can be used to find out what was being looked for – the effects of exercise on the heart and breathing rates. Validity is therefore increased, adding more support for the experiment to be a suitable method for finding effects of exercise on the heart and breathing rates. No anomalous results were found, the results followed the predicted trend, the reason for this result could be due to the nature of the body and how it counter reacts with the external influences on the tissues and organs. The secretion and inhibition of certain substances are essential for the body to sustain itself in a stable state during the effects of exercise. Improvements I would improve this experiment by using more accurate equipment to improve the accuracy of the overall experiment. I would run repeats to see if my results complimented each other to increase the reliability. The difference is I would run the experiment in the same way which may differ from other people’s subjective habits. More accurate equipment could have been used to improve the accuracy of the overall experiment. The heart rate is measured by finding the pulse of the body, a more precise method of determining pulse involves the use of an electrocardiograph, or ECG (also abbreviated EKG). Commercial heart rate monitors are also available, consisting of a chest strap with electrodes. The signal is transmitted to a wrist receiver for display. Heart rate monitors allow accurate measurements to be taken continuously. (Heart Rate, 2012) The breathing rate can be measured over a full period of 60 seconds to get more accurate results. Repeats using the improvements to accuracy of finding the heart and breathing rates would yield more reliable results. The exercise itself is very subjective to each person. Their interpretation of slow could be different to other people, which would affect the time it takes each individual person to take twenty steps. The exercise could then be controlled by suggesting a method to keep generalise the types of speed people would undergo during the exercise. For example, people could use counting as a reference point for when they should stand onto or off the exercise step. Bibliography * Jones, M. And Jones, G. 1984. Biology: The Press Syndicate * Ross, G. 1978. Human Physiology: Year Book Medical Publishers * Why Does Exercise Increase Heart Rate And Breathing Rate? (2012)Breathing Rate & Heart Rate [Online] Available at: http://www.livestrong.com/article/109267-exercise-increase-heart-rate-breathing-rate/ (Accessed: 15 November 2012) * Heart Rate (2012) Measurement [Online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate (Accessed: 16 November 2012)

Physical Therapy

Physical Therapy A case study is an in-depth analysis of a phenomenon, a person, a group of people, or an event. Parts of a journal article may vary depending on the journal. Generally, parts that should be included are title, author, abstract, introduction, review of literature, methodology/materials and methods, results, discussion, conclusions, acknowledgements, conflict of interests, references, abbreviations, tables, figures, and appendix. Some journals may not require an appendix section.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Physical Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This article has a title, authors, background, methods, results discussion, strengths and limitations, future research, and references. The title is clear and gives sufficient information concerning the study. Below the title, all the authors/researchers are listed. Their affiliations are also indicated there. However, the authors’ affiliations are ri ght intended. The abstract is a comprehensive summary of all the components of an article. In the current article, this section is well-structured. It consists of such brief sections as background, objective, study design, methods, results, limitations and conclusions. It does not contain a discussion section. This may be attributed to the fact that journal articles have a strict word limit for abstracts. Normally, an abstract does not contain more than three hundred words. A section called background follows the abstract. In this section, the authors have combined both introduction and review of literature sections. The introduction section is short. The focus is centered on the review of literature in this section. The authors did an extensive literature review on the topic under the study. However, previous research focused mainly on the effect of exercise and weight loss in people who had osteoarthritis of the knee joint. The methods section describes the methods used to obtain information. The research was a prospective cohort study for which adults above 25 years had been recruited (Paans et al., 2013). It was carried out in Groningen (the Netherlands). The target population was adults who suffered from osteoarthritis and were either overweight or obese. The selected subjects were to follow a diet and do exercises to lose weight. Both the individual and the group sessions were carried out. Individual sessions had lasted for three months followed by group sessions that took 5 months. Data was collected using questionnaires. Adults who had BMI greater than 40 were excluded. Analyzed results are found in the results section of the article. They indicate that exercise and weight loss programs can benefit overweight and obese adults suffering from osteoarthritis. The participants reported an improvement, which amounts to 32.6% on their physical functions. They also reported a significant decline in perceived pain. The results show that weight loss and exercis e can yield positive results over a long period of time.Advertising Looking for case study on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The authors discussed the results in a precise manner. They compared their findings with those contained in the previous studies. They reported that pain relief attributed to the two programs was significant. Immediately after this section, strengths and limitations of the study were given. Major limitations reported include a small sample size, lack of previous research, and methodology related limitations. The next sections are future research and conclusion. The authors recommended further research to confirm their findings. A random sample would suffice in future study. The article concludes that the result gained through the two programs is significant. The article components were organized as follows: title, authors, background, methods, results, discussion, limitations , conclusion and reference. The case study acknowledges an organization that funded the research. It has a list of references, which contains all the cited materials. Reference Paans, N., van den Akker-Scheek, I., Dilling, R.G., Bos, M., van der Meer, K., Bulstra,S.K., Stevens, M. (2013). Effect of Exercise and Weight Loss in People who have Hip Osteoarthritis and are Overweight or Obese: A Prospective Cohort Study. Physical Therapy, 93(2), 137-145. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20110418.

21 Body Language Tips for the Workplace

21 Body Language Tips for the Workplace Body language can be an incredibly valuable tool to hone over the course of your career. But it can also backfire. We take in body cues at rates much faster than we process language. So be careful how you use yours! Here are some body language tips for the workplace you can utilize to maintain a professional image. 1. Don’t lean backLeaning back can signify that you’re bored or done with a conversation. If you want to convey interest, lean in slightly or at very least sit straight in your chair.2. Don’t cross your armsThis gesture can look defiant at worst, closed off at best. People will assume you’re disinterested or awkward. Neither assumption would do you any favors.3. Don’t avoid  eye contactIf you don’t look someone in the eye, they will assume you have something to hide. Don’t get a reputation for being shady or dishonest. Remember, in the business world: eye contact = honesty.4. Don’t stareIt is possible to make too mu ch eye contact. This can come off as strange or even aggressive. Try to strike a comfortable, easy-going balance. Try not to hold someone’s gaze for more than, say three seconds.5. Don’t clench your handsPeople who are stressed have a tendency to do this. The stress becomes visible to whomever you are talking to. Relax and hold your hands loosely at your side.6. Don’t hide your handsIt might be comfortable for you to put your hands behind your back, or to shove them in your pockets, but it can be seen as a signal that you might have something to hide.7. Don’t chopYou have something important to say, so you’re gesturing emphatically. Try to avoid chopping the air with your hands- it seems violent and dismissive to the person you are talking with.8. Don’t touch your faceThis is another one that is often misinterpreted as a sign of dishonesty. Best to avoid.9. Don’t nod too muchYou’re eager to convey your attention and your agreem ent, but you might end up freaking someone out. You might seem weak and submissive- or, on the flip side, indifferent.10. Don’t fidgetIt makes you look a little crazy and it can also raise the stress level of the person watching you do the fidgeting. You could also come across as bored or impatient.11. Don’t hunchYou’ll come off as depressed or lazy or too tired to function. Shoulders back, smile on your face! Project confidence with your body, not just your brain.12. Don’t tangle up in your chairIf you wrap your feet or legs around your chair legs, it’s the same as clenching your hands together. You’ll look a little ill at ease and put your fellow converser off.13. Don’t make yourself smallTry not to shrink. It will convey a lack of confidence. Try expanding where you might normally contract and see what effect this can have.14. Don’t go too bigTry not to gesture so wildly or be so expansive that you seem like you’re on stage. This can have the opposite effect you want. And it might frighten people.15. Don’t point your feet at weird anglesThis might seem like a small, weird thing, but if your feet are pointing the wrong way, some people will take note.16. Don’t pat yourselfEven if you find it comforting to pat your legs, your coworkers or boss won’t. They’ll just see you as very uncomfortable, and that will make them uncomfortable too.17. Don’t look at your watch (or phone!)Just don’t. It’s incredibly rude. Keep your attention on the conversation unless you absolutely have to check the time or an important phone call.18. Don’t touch people with your fingertipIf you’re at the stage with someone where it would be appropriate to build trust or ease by touching them briefly, do it with your whole hand, not your finger tip. You’re not E.T.19.  Don’t ignore cuesWhen in doubt, mimic your interlocutor’s body language. If they gesture, you can gesture. If they are standing straight on their feet and projecting confidence, do the same.20. Don’t invade the bubbleWhen in a work context, do not invade anyone’s personal space. Give them room.21. Don’t ignore where you areDo your research when visiting different parts of the world, or even different parts of the country. Customs differ everywhere you go–take the time to make sure you don’t accidentally do anything offensive.

Leadership & Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership & Ethics - Essay Example Gandhi experimented by majoring on the weakest points of humanity. This problem on belief of the soul could not work. According to Gandhi, he could not explain his weaknesses to draw an answer from the likes of Lord Wavell or Hitler (Jagdeep S. et al, pp 979). Another weakness of Gandhi was evident between him and Kasturbai the wife. Gandhi forced his wife to do what opposed her internalized values. Gandhi portrayed the same coercion in relating to his children. This at times made Gandhi to oppose his notion of being non-violent. As women had been longed nurtured with role to embrace self sacrifice this element of being nonviolent proved violent. Gandhi possessed an element of repression and authoritarian. Gandhi never spoke to his son as he choose a different religion and went against his believes. Furthermore, Gandhi fell in love with her secretary and hence forcing her to fast and shave off. This was a sign of weakness. From this point of view there is no sense in being sexually attracted to one another if there exist violence and hang

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Individuals who qualify to be entrepreneurs must be creative with abilities to come up with solutions to curb the emerging challenges in the business atmosphere. As a result of their efforts to utilize the resources available and exploit the opportunities available, entrepreneurs enjoy rewards in the form of increased profits and strong customer loyalty. Leadership and creative characteristics of an entrepreneur One of the major leadership characteristics of an entrepreneur is the ability to form strong teams that are vital in the achievement of their own goals as well as those of the entire business. Additionally, management skills are essential for the success of any entrepreneur. For example, since most of the entrepreneurs are manage and control their employees without being accountable to the directors or other senior people, they should have excellent management skills. In this way, they are able to formulate effective policies that guide other employees in their responsibiliti es. In the same way, entrepreneur must have adequate marketing skills. In this way, they will be able to come up with innovative products that will effectively face off their competitors in the market. Skills in customer care and environment analysis are additional characteristics that assist an entrepreneur in maintaining high level of customer loyalty. Skills in environment analysis are fundamental in the sense that they helps an entrepreneur when undertaking a SWOT analysis especially when expanding his or her venture, while contemplating on going global or when forming merger with related firms. How to become a successful entrepreneur One of the major ways to become a successful entrepreneur is by doing what you enjoy most. By undertaking a business venture in the field that one enjoys, an individual will gain from personal satisfaction and financial gain. To ensure a successful business, an entrepreneur should adopt the culture of planning all his or her undertakings. Business planning is vital on the bases that it helps business owners in analyzing business situation thus making a viable conclusion. Additionally, business planning assists entrepreneurs in developing individual and corporate goals. Being used as a yardstick of raising the business to the next level, business plan is used by successful entrepreneurs, as an avenue of raising extra capital from the investors and financial institutions. Successful companies manage money wisely. In order to ensure that businesses meet the short-term and long-term liabilities it is fundamental to ensure that cash outflow is maintained at the minimum level while the inflows are maximized. A successful entrepreneur must be able to pay for the inventory and services as well as replace tools and equipments that are used in the production facility. One of the major ways of effective money management is to ensure that income generated from the exchange of goods and services is appropriately utilized. In this way, a b usiness is able to meet its goals. Secondly, an entrepreneur must ensure that adequate money is kept to cater for wages, supplies and inventory that are vital for the daily

SHRM Terms and Models in Organizational Strategy Essay - 1

SHRM Terms and Models in Organizational Strategy - Essay Example 1. The SHRM approach focuses on types of people and skills needed, while the strengths based approach applies a wider perspective. It draws not on skills or things that people are good at, but on strengths which are defined as â€Å"pre –existing capacities for a particular way of behaving, thinking or feeling that is authentic and energising to the user and enables optimal functioning, development and performance†. 2. SHRM is concerned with the contributions human resource strategies make to organizational effectiveness, and the ways in which these contributions are achieved (see Boxall & Purcell, 2000 and Delery & Shaw, 2001). The strengths based approach interpreted with regard to the SHRM model, is also a human resource strategy to increase organizational effectiveness. It fits the â€Å"best practice† model that is advocated by SHRM scholars who have suggested that a single high performance human resource strategy (HPHRS) enhances organizational effectiveness regardless of organizational goals, work systems, or context (Becker & Huselid, 1998; Pfeffer, 1998). In this sense the strengths based approach can be seen as HPHRS since the focus is not on achieving a set organizational goal or being concerned with work systems or context, the idea is to change the organizational culture so that overall business performance improves (case study). However achievement of certain goals may stil l be targeted as seen in the case study where the board is allotted projects according to their strengths.

Transaction Processing Systems

Transaction Processing Systems The main information systems used for operational support in a business are transaction processing systems. This type of system processes data about transactions, which are events that have occurred that affect the business, such as the sale or purchase of goods. A transaction processing system has 3 main purposes: keep records about the state of an organization, process transactions that affect these records, and produce outputs that report on transactions that have occurred. For example, an inventory control system tracks records about inventory, processes sales and purchases of inventory, and produces reports about the amount and value of items on hand, on order, etc. Transaction processing systems exist in all areas of an organization, and in all types of organizations. TPSs can be used by employees (order entry) or customers (bank ATMs). They can use various types of hardware, software, and networks. TPSs use stored data in both files and databases, and many types of programs. TPS structure The structure of a TPS generally consists of a user or other TPS that interacts with TPS software, and stored data used by the TPS. Users of the system are typically personnel who work with business transactions, such as salespeople. Input data comes from users and other TPS. Output includes data back to other TPSs, screens, and reports. TPS functions Like other information systems, TPSs perform four main functions: input, processing, output, and data storage. The input function accepts data for processing from outside the system. The processing output transforms the data in some way. The output function makes the processing results available outside the system. The storage function stores the data for use. Before transaction data can be brought into a TPS, it must be acquired from its source. This step is called data capture. The receiving report is an example of a source document that is used to perform data entry. Data entry means using a screen similar to the one in this figure to enter data. Once the data is entered, a program checks it for errors, a process called data validation. For example, inventory receiving data might be checked to ensure that all number entries are numeric that the item is known to the system, and that quantities are in acceptable ranges. Much output from a TPS is in the form of reports. Several types of reports are commonly produced by TPSs. A detailed report lists details about transactions, such as inventory movement. A summary report summarizes data at various levels. Exception reports indicate data that are exceptions to some condition or standard. Data in a TPS is stored to data files and databases. Two types of stored data are commonly found in TPSs: transaction and master data. Master data is the main data used by the TPS. Master data is usually permanent data that remains in the system as long as the system is in use. For example, an inventory system would have an inventory master file with one record for each item in inventory. Transaction data is data about transactions that have occurred. Transaction data usually remains with the system only until the transactions are processed. The transaction data is then replaced with other transaction data for new transactions. For example, in the inventory control system, a transaction file would contain data about inventory transactions. That data would be used to update the inventory master file. Once the update was complete, the transaction file would be cleared and a new list of transactions would be started. After the data is created, the TPS can retrieve data from the file or database, a process called accessing the data. The data is accessed to produce reports, update master files, and other purposes. Sometimes, before a TPS can access data, it must be arranged in an order that is useful to the system, a process called sorting. For example, the inventory system may produce a report of the 5 most expensive items. The item list should then be sorted in descending order of cost. The data put into a file or database when it is created will become obsolete over time. The TPS must update the data periodically to keep it current. Updating can involve adding new data, changing current data, and deleting old data. Transaction data is used to update master data. Processing involves manipulating data within the system. One function that just involves data processing and not any of the other functions is computation, such as calculating details and totals. Another processing function is decision making, or checking for conditions and acting on them. TPS Controls TPSs must have procedures to ensure the completeness of the data processing, and to minimize the chance of errors. In general, these procedures are called controls. Many types of controls are used, including control totals, audit trails, and backup and recovery procedures. All data in a TPS may not be processed for various reasons, including hardware and software failures, and human error. One way that a TPS checks that all data is processed is through control totals. A control total is a number that is computed when data enters a system, and again after the system has processed the data. For example, in the inventory control system, a number reflecting an initial count of receiving reports to be entered would be entered into the system. After the receiving reports are entered, a count of the documents entered would be produced. There are also other types of control totals. Document counts are only one type. An audit trail is a way of tracing the effect of data through a system. A good audit trail is one in which someone can start with the output and go back through the system to the source document and vice versa. For example, the inventory receiving system could produce a report of all item counts. This could be used to trace each item received back to its receiving report source document. Computer systems sometimes fail, causing a loss of corruption of data. The failure may be caused by a malfunction in the hardware or software, or because of something outside the system, such as a lightning strike. The main way of ensuring against loss of data is to use a backup procedure. This means copying important data and programs to a portable media and moving it somewhere away from the main computing site. Important files and databases are usually backed up daily or weekly. The backup of the stored data can be copied back to the system, a process known are restoring the data. If a system fails, recovery procedures tell the computer professionals how to use the backups to recover from a crash. Modes of Data Processing Data in a TPS can be processed using two basic approaches: batch and online processing. A TPS may use both online and batch processing. In batch processing, data for all transactions to be processed are prepared in form understandable to the computer before actual processing begins. Then the batch of data is processed by the computer, and the resulting output is received in a batch. An example of batch processing is overnight payroll check processing and printing. With online processing, or OLTP, a person uses a screen and keyboard or I/O device connected to the computer at the time the processing is done. Each set of data for a transaction is entered directly into the computer. The data is processed, and the output is received before the next input data is entered. Online processing may also be called interactive processing. An example of online processing is an airline reservation system. The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“real-timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  may also be used to indicate online processing. Real-time means the processing is performed immediately after the data is entered. This description is not quite accurate for online processing. If there are many users of an online system, processing may not begin for some time after the input is received. The amount of time depends on the hardware, software, and number of users. One example of a real-time system is a manufacturing monitoring system. If cars are being manufactured and thereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a problem with the computerized assembly line, the system alerts operators immediately.